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January 17, 2008: Lawrence, Kansas, native
Jennifer Dreiling admits that when she came to Smith-Berry
Vineyard and Winery (www.smithberrywinery.net)
near New Castle, Kentucky, in mid-September she didn’t
expect to spend quite as much time as she did pointing her
camera at the sheep grazing among the vines.
After all, Dreiling herself was there to graze—lavishly.
Visiting family in Louisville for the weekend, she drove with
her sister 40 minutes northeast to New Castle to attend a
dinner served at a long, white-linen-draped table plunked
right down in the middle of Smith-Berry’s 5-acre vineyard.
The dinner was orchestrated by a nation-wandering troupe
of local-foods enthusiasts who call themselves Outstanding
in the Field, and prepared by Louisville chef and restaurateur
Kathy Cary. Sixty others participated, and from late afternoon
until dark on a sparkling late-summer day, they feasted on
a variety of goat-cheese appetizers, Smith-Berry wines, entrees
of roasted chicken—“pulled,” barbecue style—and
slow-cooked lamb, butternut squash soup and apple crisp topped
with goat-cheese ice cream. All the ingredients were produced
on-site or within 100 miles of the vineyard, with the exception
of the Michigan apples brought in because a late-spring frost
had killed most Kentucky apple blossoms.
Dreiling, a producer for Hallmark cards, brought her camera
because she expected a picturesque experience, based on what
she learned about other such dinners around the country on
Outstanding in the Field’s website (www.outstandinginthefield.com)
and in magazine articles she’d read about the group.
She wasn’t disappointed.
“It really was stunning—everything from the food
to a brilliant sunset, and the views from the vineyard across
the countryside,” Dreiling said. “It would have
been nicer if they hadn’t had so little rain,”
she added, referring to the brown pastures and other obvious
effects of Kentucky’s protracted drought, “but
it was lovely all the same, and a beautiful setting for a
dinner.”
The charm of sheep
Dreiling said she took the time to include the camera-shy
sheep in her pictures of the event because they added to the
charm. “It seemed very ‘old school,’ to
me, like something you’d see in vineyards in France
or Italy. It made me think I was on a farm that wasn’t
mechanically driven, and I liked that a lot.”
Vintner Chuck Smith recognizes the allure, and says it’s
part of the reason he introduced 21 Border Cheviot sheep into
his mature grape stand early last summer.
“People just like looking at them,” he said.
“It leads to a little more foot traffic through the
vineyards than I might like, especially as dry as it’s
been this year. But it sure does seem to make people happy,
and that’s what this is all about.”
He’s talking about his family’s evolving efforts
to farm sustainably, and leave something for his three daughters
if he and wife Mary Berry Smith ever choose to retire.
Over the 25 years since the Smiths bought their 180 acres,
those efforts have included dairying, tobacco, participation
in a community supported agriculture project, organic produce,
pastured poultry, and now a bustling 5-year-old wine business
supplemented by a small organic beef-cattle operation.
The Smiths are pioneers of the resurgent Kentucky grape and
wine industry. When they planted their first single-acre stand
of vines in 2000, there were only five licensed vineyards
in the state, according to Chuck Smith, who is vice president
of the Kentucky Vineyard Society. There are now more than
40, he said.
That means increased competition, which the Smiths are meeting
in a variety of ways.
As one example, they’ve expanded their wine list. Using
a combination of his own grapes, grapes purchased from other
Kentucky vineyards and juice he buys from Arkansas and Missouri
vineyards—as well as varied aging, fermenting and storage
methods—Smith has introduced 15 whites and reds over
five years, with two more debuting this year.
They’re also expanding their marketing efforts and
repertoire of other offerings. While most wine sales take
place on-site—in a converted buggy shed that serves
as the tasting room—Smith-Berry wines are also carried
now by several fine-dining restaurants and a wine shop in
Louisville, as well as another wine shop 60 miles away in
Midway—a tourist-oriented small town in the state’s
bluegrass region.
The winery, once the Smiths’ dairy barn, houses an
art gallery that hosts rotating shows by local painters, potters
and photographers. And along with the adjacent pergola, it’s
in increasing demand as a site for weddings, receptions and
dinners.
The vineyard also presents local-talent concerts accompanied
by home-cooked meals two Saturdays each month, from Memorial
Day through the end of September. The events are intended
to accommodate 400 guests, and they usually sell out. Adults
pay $18.95 for admission to the concert and an all-you-can-eat
meal typically made up of Chuck’s own slow-cooked, pulled-pork
barbecue, other grilled meats, grilled corn on the cob and
side dishes Mary prepares in the winery’s commercial-grade
kitchen. Wine is available for purchase by the glass or bottle
at the concerts.
With offerings like these—as well as the occasional
extra-curricular event like the Outstanding in the Field dinner—
Smith-Berry has become the kind of place the Smiths aimed
for from the start: a destination point.
Providing the whole show
“We’re just far enough from places like Louisville
and Cincinnati that, if you want to get people here to buy
some wine, you’ve got to give them the whole show: a
tasting room, and tour of the winery, concerts, access to
the vineyards—something they can do and see after going
to the effort to get here,” Chuck Smith said.
And once he could afford the $8,000 it cost to erect a proper
fence around his vineyard, the sheep—along with a lone
llama to protect them from the occasional wild dog or coyote—became
part of the show. “It’s not a petting zoo.”
Smith said. “The sheep keep away from people for the
most part, and nobody even tries to get close to the llama—he
intimidates them even though he’s pretty gentle once
he knows you.”
Petting zoo or not, Smith said more people have been inspired
to stroll through the vines now that the sheep have taken
up residence there, and it’s alright by him. “I
haven’t studied it, but I think people tend to buy more
wine the longer they stay around the place. And they come
back more often. So if the sheep are an attraction, I’m
getting at least a ‘two-fer;’ I get my weeds and
grass eaten, and I give people another reason to come.”
And if that makes him happy, Smith said his father-in-law,
who actually owns the sheep, is “downright giggly”
about the situation. That means a lot when your father-in-law
is Wendell Berry. Berry, the poet, essayist, novelist, and
sheep farmer, has raised purebred Border Cheviots on his nearby
farm for many years.
“I wanted that particular breed, from Scotland, because
they’re bred for slopes and coarse pasture, which is
what I’ve got—hills and fescue,” Berry said.
He and his wife Tanya market the sheep to a list of individuals
and restaurants built up over the years, and were entirely
content with the size and scope of their operation until son-in-law
Chuck asked them in late spring about placing weaned lambs
in the vineyard.
“It hadn’t really occurred to me he could do
that until he mentioned it,” Berry said. “I’ve
known for years about what people called ‘orchard flocks’—the
sheep they allowed to graze through orchards to keep the weeds
down and to eat the spoiled fruit, to keep pests away—but
I didn’t think about it working in a vineyard until
Chuck said something about it.”
And it is an unusual practice in Kentucky. Both the University
of Kentucky’s chief enologist and horticulturist reported
not having encountered any other vintners in the state with
livestock grazing in their vineyards—not by design,
anyway.
Berry said he asked a fellow Cheviot breeder who lives out
west about it, though, and learned it’s not at all uncommon
to find sheep at work in vineyards in California, and in France,
and for some very good reasons.
Research boosts sheep utility
Debby Zygielbaum, a livestock manager at Robert Sinskey
Vineyards in California’s Napa Valley ,published a 2005
paper about her employer’s long-standing use of sheep,
on the website of the Napa Valley Sustainable Winegrowing
Group. In her paper, she stated that sheep “really do
fit well in our soil management program. Sheep manure is higher
in NPK than either cow or horse manure,” though she
noted, “this is a general rule, as it can vary with
feed.”
She added that, “because sheep make use of ingested
sulfur compounds to produce wool, their manure does not have
the unpleasant smelling sulfides found in cow manure.”
Zygielbaum also quoted from the book she uses as her guide
to sheep management, Raising
Sheep the Modern Way, by Paula Simmons (Storey, 1989),
to list other advantages sheep bring to vineyards—and
leave behind:
- “Sheep manure falls in separate pellets, or in
pellets that hold together in a clump, and . . . does not
even need aging.”
- “That means it does not lay on top of the cover
crop and smother it.”
- “Since the manure contains many of the valuable
elements taken from the soil by the plants eaten by the
sheep, it is convenient that they spread a lot of it.”
“ What a deal! Plus, we suspect that the manure is
also good for our soil microbes.”
But won’t sheep eat the vines and fruit in a vineyard?
The accompanying photo provides proof that’s exactly
what they’ll do, but it’s a bit misleading, Smith
said. The sheep in the picture was bottle-fed as a new lamb
and has been more brazen and less people-averse as a result.
“He’s the only one who’s ever thought of
climbing up the trellis wires that way,” Smith said.
Every member of the flock, however, has been known to strip
leaves from low-hanging branches. “But once I pruned,
which I needed to anyway,” Smith said, “that problem
went away. They just don’t seem to worry about overhead
forage the way a goat will. If they can reach it, they’ll
eat it, but if they can’t they just keep their heads
down and eat what’s on the ground.”
Berry said the small stature of the Cheviots breed works
in Smith’s favor, too. “Chuck’s vines are
mature and trellised pretty high by now, so even if they tried
really hard—which they don’t seem to—to
get at the leaves, they can’t.”
And even then, researchers at the University of California
at Davis College of Agriculture say it’s possible to
“train” sheep to avoid grape leaves altogether.
In experiments they’ve written about recently, they
allowed sheep to eat their fill of leaves and grapes, then
injected them with a harmless drug that induced a short period
of nausea. The sheep got the point. They tended to avoid grape
leaves from then on, for as long as nine months after the
experience.
What it all comes down to is management, Smith said. “I
talked to some of the people in California, too, and they
told me sheep won’t strip the bark off vines the way
goats will, but they’ll eat the young shoots in the
spring, so you’ve got to be sure not to give them access
until you’ve determined how you want your vines to go.
Then just be aware that if there’s a leaf within easy
reach they’ll probably get it unless you protect it—or
teach them not to like the taste.”
Smith said he’s looking forward to another growing
season with the sheep. He’s hoping winter breaks the
drought, and if so he intends to increase his numbers by next
spring.
“I think the 5 acres could handle about 40 sheep in
a normal year,” he said.
And his supplier’s ready. Father-in-law Berry reported
a fall lambing of more than 20 kids at his place and can easily
see them working the Smith-Berry vineyard by spring.
“I’m always interested in how a diversified farm
evolves and adopts new activities,” Berry said, “and
I’m proud to be part of it and benefit from it.”
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